{"id":6187,"date":"2026-09-09T10:19:46","date_gmt":"2026-09-09T02:19:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hk-imt.org\/?p=6187"},"modified":"2026-09-09T11:35:16","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T03:35:16","slug":"%e5%b7%a5%e4%bd%9c%e5%80%ab%e7%90%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hk-imt.org\/zh-hant\/%e5%b7%a5%e4%bd%9c%e5%80%ab%e7%90%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5de5\u4f5c\u502b\u7406"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u5de5\u4f5c\u502b\u7406<\/strong><\/h1>

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\u8a31\u6c9b\u7136 \u8b6f<\/span><\/p>

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\u5f15\u8a00<\/span><\/h3>

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\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u4e01<\/span>[<\/span>1<\/span>]<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>

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\u99ac\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97cb\u4f2f<\/strong>101 [2]<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>

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\u7b2c\u516d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u70ba\u670d\u52d9\u9130\u820d\u3002<\/em>\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u901a\u904e\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52d9\u4f86\u611b\u4eba\u985e\u540c\u80de\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u9019\u662f\u8036\u7a4c\u6559\u5c0e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u689d\u8aa1\u547d\uff08\u53ef12:9-24\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4e0a\u9762\u5f15\u7528\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u8a71\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u611b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u6211\u5011\u505a\u7684\u662f\u300c\u5927\u300d\u5de5\u4f5c\u9084\u662f\u5c0f\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u90fd\u7121\u95dc\u7dca\u8981\u3002<\/p>

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\u7b2c\u516b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u63a8\u9032\u795e\u7684\u570b\u5ea6\u3002<\/em>\u795e\u7684\u570b\u5ea6\u65e2\u662f\u73fe\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5df2\u7d93\u81e8\u5230\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u795e\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5927\u80fd\u638c\u6b0a\uff1b\u662f\u795e\u5e36\u7d66\u4eba\u548c\u842c\u7269\u7684\u5e73\u5b89\u3002\u8207\u8a31\u591a\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u201d\u6559\u5c0e\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u63a8\u9032\u570b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u901a\u904e\u50b3\u798f\u97f3\u548c\u555f\u8fea\uff08\u7267\u5e2b\u505a\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u901a\u904e\u70ba\u4ed6\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u7269\u8cc7\u548c\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8207\u60e1\u52e2\u529b\u4f5c\u9b25\u722d\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5584\u884c\u90fd\u662f\u570b\u5ea6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>

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\u90a3\u4f60\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1f<\/p>

\u601d\u8003\u548c\u8a0e\u8ad6<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>
  1. \u5728\u4f60\u6210\u9577\u7684\u6b72\u6708\u88cf\uff0c\u4f60\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u502b\u7406\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/li>
  2. \u5728\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u6216\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u652f\u914d\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u502b\u7406\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/li>
  3. \u5728\u4f60\u7684\u6559\u6703\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u5718\u9ad4\u88cf\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u516c\u958b\u9084\u662f\u79d8\u5bc6\u5730\u6559\u5c0e\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u502b\u7406\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/li>
  4. \u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u5341\u500b\u5de5\u4f5c\u7406\u7531\u4e2d\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u4e8b\u696d\u6216\u793e\u5340\u4e2d\u771f\u6b63\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff1f<\/li><\/ol>

    References:<\/strong><\/p>

    1. Augustine, The Literal Meaning of Genesis<\/em>, vol. 2, no. 42, Ancient Christian Writers, trans. John Hammond Taylor (New York, NY: Newman Press, 1982), 46.<\/p><\/li>

    2. \u00a0Some of this article was first published in R. Paul Stevens, Doing God\u2019s Business: Meaning and Motivation for the Marketplace<\/em> (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006), 164-183.<\/p><\/li>

    3. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism<\/em>, trans. Talcott Parsons (New York: Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1958).<\/p><\/li>

    4. Michael Novak, a theologian of business enterprise, notes there are at least two good reasons why Weber has earned an immortal place in intellectual history. First, “he identified something new in economic history and glimpsed…its moral and religious dimensions.\u00a0 Second, he suggested in advance why Marxism, both as an explanatory theory and a vision of paradise, was doomed to fail: Its resolute materialism excluded the human spirit.\u00a0 Michael Novak, The Catholic Ethic and the Spirit of Catholicism <\/em>(New York: The Free Press, 1993), 9.<\/p><\/li>

    5. \u00a0Weber, The Protestant Work Ethic<\/em>, 95.<\/p><\/li>

    6. Weber, The Protestant\u00a0 Ethic<\/em>, 172.<\/p><\/li>

    7. Weber, The Protestant\u00a0 Ethic<\/em>, 42.<\/p><\/li>

    8. Weber, quoting Richard Baxter, notes that “Waste of time is the first and in principle deadliest of sins” (Weber, The Protestant Ethic<\/em>, 157).<\/p><\/li>

    9. Adrian Furnham, The Protestant Work Ethic: The Psychology of Work-Related Beliefs and Behaviours <\/em>(London: Routledge, 1990), 13; Robert Banks, \u201cWork Ethic, Protestant,\u201d in The Complete Book of Everyday Christianity<\/em>, ed. Robert Banks and R. Paul Stevens (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1997), 1129-1135.<\/p><\/li>

    10. The Reformation was essentially for Luther a matter of soteriology, salvation, and not ecclesiology.\u00a0 It is often noted that Luther, and for that matter Calvin, did not provide the ecclesiology (church structure) to contain the “new wine.”<\/p><\/li>

    11. Gianfranco Poggi, Calvinism and the Capitalist Spirit: Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1983), 41, 60-61. Weber points to Luther’s many statements against usury or interest in any form as evidence that Luther had a more traditionalist approach: a person does not by nature wish to earn more and more money (Weber 1958, 60,82).\u00a0 Weber argues that the Bible actually favours this traditionalist view, the Old Testament in particular, this view being exemplified in the words of Jesus: “Give us this day our daily bread” (83).<\/p><\/li>

    12. \u00a0Poggi, Calvinism<\/em>, 61.\u00a0<\/p><\/li>

    13. Weber argues that predestination was the most characteristic doctrine of Calvinism which was the centre of the great political and cultural struggles of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in the Netherlands, England and France.\u00a0 But in support of this Weber quotes the Westminster Confession of 1647: “By the decree of God, for the manifestation of His glory, some men and angels are predestined unto everlasting life, and others foreordained to everlasting death” (Chap III). Milton’s well-known opinion of this “double predestination” (arguably not from Calvin) was “Though I may be sent to Hell for it, such a God will never command my respect” (Weber , The Protestant Ethic<\/em>, 101).\u00a0 A more scriptural expression of the matter was expressed by the novelist Charles Williams who maintained that no one is ever sent to hell; they insist on going.\u00a0 In a note on the subject Weber carefully explains that “we are not studying the personal views of Calvin, but Calvinism, and that in the form to which it had evolved by the end of the sixteenth and in the seventeenth centuries in the great areas where it had a decisive influence and which were at the same time the home of capitalistic culture” (Weber 1958, note 7, 220). Weber argues that both Luther and Calvin had a double God: the fearsome God of the Old Testament and the loving Father of the New.\u00a0 With Luther, so Weber argues, the New Testament kept the upper hand; with Calvin, the transcendent God of the Old won out (Weber 1958, note 12, 221).\u00a0 While an attractive explanation for the cultural events which followed the Reformation, Weber lacks support from the Reformers themselves for this view.<\/p><\/li>

    14. Poggi, Calvinism<\/em>, 65. Weber notes that in Islam the related doctrine is not predestination but predetermination” and was applied to fate in this world, not in the next.\u00a0 In consequence the most important thing, the proof of the believer in predestination, played no part in Islam” (Weber 1958, note 36, 227).\u00a0<\/p><\/li>

    15. Poggi, Calvinism<\/em>, 70.\u00a0<\/p><\/li>

    16. \u00a0Poggi, Calvinism<\/em>, 66.<\/p><\/li>

    17. Weber, The Protestant Ethic<\/em>, 172.<\/p><\/li>

    18. On this point Weber observes, correctly, that the Reformation recovered the holiness of everyday life (in contrast to the contemplative life), though he makes the case as a matter of Church control: “The Reformation meant not the elimination of the Church’s control over everyday life, but rather the substitution of a new form of control for the previous one.\u00a0 It meant the repudiation of a control which was very lax, at the time scarcely perceptible in practice, and hardly more than formal, in favour of a regulation of the whole of conduct which, penetrating to all departments of private and public life, was infinitely burdensome and earnestly enforced” (Weber, The Protestant Ethic<\/em>, 36).<\/p><\/li>

    19. Poggi, Calvinism<\/em>, 57.<\/p><\/li>

    20. Poggi, Calvinism,<\/em> 56.\u00a0 Poggi’s own critique of Weber raises the question of whether the “spirit of capitalism” was the necessary precondition for the development of modern capitalism (Poggi, Calvinism,<\/em> 48).<\/p><\/li>

    21. \u00a0Weber, The Protestant Ethic<\/em>, 172.<\/p><\/li>

    22. We are to gain all we can without compromising our life (food and sleep), health (especially in mind) or hurting our neighbour:\u00a0 “We cannot devour the increase of [the neighbour’s] lands, by gaming, by overgrown bills….We cannot, consistent with brotherly love, sell our goods below the market price; we cannot study to ruin our neighbour’s trade in order to advance our own…sell anything that tends to impair health…by ministering, suppose, either directly or indirectly, to his unchastity or intemperance…. Gain all you can by honest industry.\u00a0 Use all possible diligence in your calling.\u00a0 Lose no time.\u00a0 If you understand yourself, and your relation to God and man, you know you have none to spare.\u00a0 If you understand your particular calling, as you ought, you have no time that hangs upon your hands.\u00a0 Every business will afford employment sufficient for every day and every hour” (John Wesley, “The Use of Money”, in Stackhouse et al, ed. On Moral Business: Classical and Contemporary Resources for Ethics in Economic Life<\/em> (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995), 194-197.)<\/p><\/li>

    23. Brian Griffiths considers the multiple factors that were essential for a capitalistic economic system to emerge from feudalism The Creation of Wealth: A Christian\u2019s Case for Capitalism<\/em> (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1284), 94.\u00a0<\/p><\/li>

    24. Poggi, Calvinism<\/em>,\u00a0 79, mine.<\/p><\/li>

    25. Griffiths, The Creation of Wealth<\/em>, 31.<\/p><\/li>

    26. Of the many critiques of Weber significant studies include Richard H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism<\/em> (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1938); Kurt Samuelsson, Religion and Economic Action<\/em> (London: Heinemann, 1961); Gianfranco Poggi, Calvinism and the Capitalist Spirit: Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic <\/em>(London: Macmillan Press, 1983).<\/p><\/li>

    27. \u00a0In one end note where Weber does refer directly to Calvin’s writings he remarks, significantly, “Calvin himself most emphatically denies that works were indications of favour before God, although he, like the Lutherans, considered them the fruits of belief (Inst.<\/em>, III,2,37,38).\u00a0 The actual evolution to the proof of faith through works, which is characteristic of asceticism, is parallel to a gradual modification of the doctrines of Calvin.\u00a0 As with Luther, the true church was first marked off primarily by purity of doctrine and sacraments, but later the disciplina<\/em> came to be placed on an equal footing with the other two” (Weber 1958, note 41, 228).<\/p><\/li>

    28. Weber finds the smaller participation of Catholics in the modern business life of Germany all the more remarkable in that generally minorities are driven to economic activity by their disadvantaged state, a factor he observes among the Poles in Russia, the Huguenots in France under Louis XIV, the Nonconformists and Quakers in England and the Jews for two thousand years (Weber 1958, 39).<\/p><\/li>

    29. \u00a0David Landes, “Religion and Enterprise: The Case of the French Textile Industry,” in Edward C. Carter II, Robert Forster and Joseph Moody, eds. Enterprise and Entrepreneurs in Nineteenth-Century France <\/em>(Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1976).\u00a0 Landes explores the phenomenon of relatively slower development of industry in France, in comparison with England, was not due so much to Catholicism but the fact of family firms whose primary concerns were safety, continuity and privacy.\u00a0 It can be argued, however, that even these were an expression of catholic culture.\u00a0<\/p><\/li>

    30. Weber acknowledges his dependence on Baxter’s Christian Directory<\/em> in an end note summarizing, “This reminiscent of Pascal’s psychological interpretation of the impulse of acquisition and ascetic activity as a means to deceive recommendation of worldly activity as a means of overcoming one’s own feeling of moral inferiority is oneself about one’s own moral worthlessness.\u00a0 For him the belief in predestination and the conviction of the original sinfulness of everything pertaining to the flesh resulted only in renunciation of the world and the recommendation of contemplation as the sole means of lightening the burden of sin and attaining certainty of salvation” (Weber, The Protestant Ethic<\/em>, note 47, 229).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><\/li>

    31. \u00a0Weber notes: “The name in itself shows what impressed contemporaries as characteristic of its adherents: the methodical, systematic nature of conduct for the purpose of attaining the certido salutis<\/em>” (Weber, The Protestant Ethic,<\/em> 139), though Wesley’s “methodism” was primarily pragmatic, a way of implementing practical Christianity through the class system rather than a way of achieving certainty of salvation.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><\/li>

    32. Weber, The Protestant Ethic<\/em>, 50, 53, 180. \u00a0 In support of the alleged Protestant “duty of the individual toward the increase of his capital which is assumed as an end in itself” Weber quotes Franklin: “He that loses five shillings, not only loses that sum, but all the advantage that might be made by turning it in dealing, which by the time that a young man becomes old, will amount to a considerable sum of money” (Weber 1958, 50-51).\u00a0 Later Weber argues that in answer to why money should be made Franklin quotes Proverbs 22:9 “See it thou a man diligent in his business?” [NIV “skilled in his work”] “He shall stand before kings”, a matter Weber maintains was drummed into Franklin by his Calvinist father (Weber 1958, 53).\u00a0 Bob Goudzwaard’s definition of deism is worth noting: “the conception that God has created the world in such a perfect manner that immediately afterwards he could afford to go into early retirement.”\u00a0 Capitalism & Progress: A Diagnosis of Western Society<\/em>, trans. Josina Van Nuis Zylstra (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), 20.<\/p><\/li>

    33. Banks, \u201cWork Ethic-Protestant,\u201d 1129.\u00a0 As is well known, Adam Smith accounted for the economic process in a typically deist manner by attributing the harmony created when each person pursues their own ends but unwittingly serves a general good because of an “invisible hand”.\u00a0 As Goudzwaard says, “the invisible hand is the deistic version of the role of God’s providence” (1979, 22).\u00a0 Deism provided the philosophical basis for the science of economics since it envisioned the economic cosmos as controlled by natural laws than could be subjected to human analysis.<\/p><\/li>

    34. Weber , The Protestant Ethic<\/em>, 115. It is this thought that becomes central in the famous “self-help” books of Samuel Smiles (Travers 1987).<\/p><\/li>

    35. Weber, The Protestant Ethic<\/em>, 1958, 128.<\/p><\/li>

    36. For an excellent review of the history of work see Lee Hardy, The Fabric of This World<\/em> : Inquiries into Calling, Career Choice and the Design of Human Work<\/em> (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,1990).<\/p><\/li>

    37. \u201cPlotinus-On True Happiness,\u201d in Max Stackhouse et al, eds. On Moral Business<\/em> (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995), 138-139.<\/p><\/li>

    38. Eusebius: The Ecclesiastical History<\/em>, trans. Kirsopp Lake (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953) Vol 2, II, XVII, sections 3-10, 147-57, italics mine.<\/p><\/li>

    39. Clive Lim, \u201cChinese Entrepreneurship in Singapore: A Study of Eight Chinese Entrepreneurs in Singapore,\u201d a thesis submitted to the faculty of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Ministry degree (Singapore, unpublished), May 2011.<\/p><\/li>

    40. \u00a0Wing Tsit Chan, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy <\/em>(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), 15.<\/p><\/li>

    41. Jeffrey Salkin, Being God\u2019s Partner: How to Find the Hidden Link Between Spirituality and Your Work<\/em> (Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 1994), 61.<\/p><\/li>

    42. Salkin, Being God\u2019s Partner<\/em>, 65.<\/p><\/li>

    43. \u00a0Salkin, Being God\u2019s Partner<\/em>, 95-96.<\/p><\/li>

    44. M.D. Chenu, The Theology of Work<\/em>, quoted in Alfons Auer, Open to the World: An Analysis of Lay Spirituality <\/em>(Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1985), 192.<\/p><\/li>

    45. Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski, All You Who Labor: Work and the Sanctification of Daily Life<\/em>(trans. J. Ardle McArdle, Manchester, NH: Sophia Press, 1995), ix.<\/p><\/li>

    46. Wyszynski, All You Who Labor, <\/em>52.<\/p><\/li>

    47. Wyszysnski, All You Who Labor<\/em>,\u00a0 86.<\/p><\/li>

    48. Marc Kolden, \u201cLuther on Vocation,\u201d Word and World<\/em> (Fall 1983), Vol 3, No 4:382-290<\/p><\/li>

    49. Alexander Schmemann, For the Life of the World: Sacraments and Orthodoxy<\/em> (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir\u2019s Seminary Press, 1988), 15.<\/p><\/li>

    50. The following ten statements and a few other thoughts made in this article are also found in Chapter five of Richard Goossen and R. Paul Stevens, Entrepreneurship: A Christian Perspective<\/em> (Little Britain, ON: Castle Quay Books, 2026), 76-79.<\/p><\/li>

    51. Alan Richardson, The Biblical Doctrine of Work<\/em> (London: SCM Press, 1954), 22.<\/p><\/li>

    52. See R. Paul Stevens and Alvin Ung, Taking Your Soul to Work<\/em> (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011).<\/p><\/li>

    53. \u00a0Quoted in Kenneth Leech, True Prayer: An Invitation to Christian Spirituality<\/em> (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980), 103.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div>

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